Traffic Safety Research
type: channel
description: Traffic Safety Research (TSR) is an academic-led, international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, Fair Open Access scientific journal. It was founded in 2021 with a clear objective to contribute to the global transition toward the Safe System approach in road transportation. The TSR publishes high-quality research from a wide range of disciplines—including engineering, psychology, sociology, economics, medicine, political science, and other relevant fields—that help to explain and address road traffic injuries and fatalities. The journal places strong emphasis on the real-world relevance of both the research questions and the findings.
publisher: Technology & Society | LTH | Lund University
language: en
publication name: Traffic Safety Research
issn: 2004-3082
items: Summer use of winter tyres and the effect on fatal passenger car accidents
items: Discourtesy: an anger evoking factor among Iranian drivers
items: Single- and non-single bicycle crashes at urban intersections: influential factors and comparison of ambulance- and police-reported crash datasets
items: Traffic as a social dilemma? Viewing road user behavior through a prosocial lens
items: Face the facts: a characterisation of 2013–2025 UK motorcycle collisions, head impact locations and injury outcomes supporting facial impact testing
items: Analysing bike crash reasons and predicting occurrence in Izmir city: insights from a logit regression model
items: Can you hear the collision risk? A VR study on beamforming warnings for cyclists at urban intersections
items: Influence of weather on aspects of driving behaviour at an urban intersection
items: Health services use for transport injuries among children and youth in Ontario from 2015–2022: a population-based study
items: Analyzing driver behavior: the influence of demographics on risky, aggressive, distracted, and unlawful driving behaviors
items: Modelling self-reported driver perspectives and fatigued driving via deep learning
items: An approach to improve safety performance for work related road traffic by applying an occupational health and safety (OHS) framework
items: A data-driven framework for assessing horizontal curve safety using friction and reliability analysis: a case study on an Indian highway
items: Personality traits as predictors of driver behaviour: a comprehensive profiling study of Portuguese drivers
items: Driver visual attention and in-vehicle touchscreen: the role of short training session
items: Dangerous ground or peaceful coexistence? Analysing cycling behaviour adaption on shared paths using crowdsourced GPS cycling data
items: Extracting roadway vertical alignment from USGS LiDAR point cloud data using an Artificial Neural Network based method
items: Intelligent Speed Assistance: an on-road evaluation
items: Assessing how physical and mental fatigue affect driving speed on the Banda Aceh–Medan highway, Indonesia
items: The effect of navigation modalities on driver performance, workload and user experience: a simulator study
items: To pass or not to pass: a field experiment on human values in interactions with automated vehicles
items: Supporting success: teaching driving to learners with neurodevelopmental disorders
items: Is that what people want? An initial study on the intention to use self-driving taxis in the city of Zurich
items: The maximum allowable handlebar disturbance: an indicator for the ex-ante evaluation of cycling fall prevention interventions
items: The logic of empirical testing of accident prediction models
items: Prevalence of drink driving in road traffic in Denmark
items: Comparative analysis of methodologies for In-built Network-wide Road Safety Assessments
items: A framework for reliable traffic surrogate safety assessment based on multi-object tracking data
items: How accurate do car driver report their travelled speed before an accident: a comparison with insights of the Event Data Recorder
items: Lateral shifting behavior of vehicles at horizontal curves and its influencing factors: application of LightGBM and SHAP
items: The importance of infrastructure and road safety culture for pedestrian safety: a comparison of three European and three African countries
items: Safe System, Vision Zero, and Sustainable Safety: a scoping review
items: Investigation on road traffic safety in rural areas using trajectory data: case studies at two measurement sites
items: Human rights jurisprudence and road safety outcomes: the ECtHR's impact on European traffic policy
items: Predicting injury severity in vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions: evidence from Madhya Pradesh state, India
items: The effect on cyclist safety of daytime running lights
items: An investigation of traffic safety knowledge, behaviour and risk perception for schoolchildren: a case study of India
items: Determinants of crash numbers and constellations at turbo roundabouts in Germany
items: The validity of the short driver behaviour questionnaire in varying road users groups in India: age, gender, and driving frequency
items: Severity Indices as measurement tools for road safety in mountainous highway sections: case study of the Centinela–La Rumorosa highway
items: Safety performance functions in a road environment with automated vehicles
items: Assessing the Ghanaian driver's susceptibility to distraction engagement
items: Traffic offenses, court charges, and repeated citations among teen drivers with traffic violations
items: Language matters: an experimental study of language patterns' effects on traffic safety perceptions in Germany
items: What characterizes bicycle and e-scooter accidents not included in official accident statistics? Lessons learned from the ReCyCLIST project in Agder, Norway
items: How can we integrate road safety into occupational health and safety management ‘to save lives beyond 2025’? A study of safety management among drivers at work
items: Road safety culture and the Safe System: comparing beliefs and behaviours in African and European countries
items: Long combination vehicles overtaking cyclists: a field study in regular traffic
items: Using crowdsourced data to assess safety in developing countries: the case study of Eastern Cairo, Egypt
items: Explaining acceptance and acceptability of connected automated vehicles: the impact of evaluations of attributes and traffic complexity

Summer use of winter tyres and the effect on fatal passenger car accidents
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description: Accidents related to insufficient road grip in Sweden have historically been investigated for winter conditions, where substantial effect on passenger car accident risk from different types of tyres has been observed. Grip-related accidents during summer conditions have so far primarily focused on the effect of Electronic Stability Control (ESC), with no assessment of possible influence from tyre properties. The use of winter tyres during summer has been increasing among passenger cars in Sweden and is currently estimated to be around 7%. Tyre tests indicate 20%–40% longer braking distances for winter tyres compared to summer tyres, and statistics have indicated that passenger cars with winter tyres are heavily overrepresented among the fatal accidents during the summer period in Sweden. The purpose of this study has therefore been to estimate the potential risk increase for a fatal grip-related accident for passenger cars using winter tyres, compared to summer tyres, during summer. Statistics from in-depth studies of fatal road accidents in Sweden from the 10-year period 2012–2021 was used in an induced exposure risk analysis, with a complementary stratified analysis investigating the effect of possible confounding factors. The results indicate that the overrepresentation among fatal accidents of cars equipped with winter tyres during the summer period to a large extent is related to the inferior road grip of winter tyres. The risk increase was particularly high for fatal grip related accidents when driving within the regulated speed limit. Tyre properties have generally been neglected as a contributing factor among fatal accidents occurring in the summer period in the Swedish in-depth studies. The present study shows that tyres have a substantial impact on grip-related fatal accidents with passenger cars in Sweden during the summer period, which account for 25% of the fatal accidents involving passenger cars. This highlights the need for increased attention to tyr…
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creator: Mattias Hjort
creator: Linnea Kjeldgård
creator: Pontus Grönvall
creator: Anders Ydenius
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mattias Hjort, Linnea Kjeldgård, Pontus Grönvall, Anders Ydenius https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-21
publication date: 2026-08-21
starting page: e000149
ending page: e000149
doi: 10.55329/rsmh3109

Discourtesy: an anger evoking factor among Iranian drivers
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description: Driving anger is known to be associated with aggressive driving, which can lead to a higher probability of accidents. Since the Driving Anger Scale (DAS) was first introduced in the US, different versions of the scale have been used in many countries to measure anger evoked by different traffic situations. The first aim of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the UK-DAS in Iran. The second aim was to examine the relationship between demographic factors and the DAS factors found in Iran. A total of 409 questionnaires were completed by Iranian drivers, out of which, 205 were used for exploratory factor analysis and 204 were used for confirmatory factor analysis. The results revealed a reliable four-factor structure in Iran including 19 of the original 21 items from the UK-DAS. These four factors were interpreted as discourtesy, direct hostility, reckless driving and progress impeded. Further analyses showed that younger, compared to older, participants scored higher on driving anger evoked by other road users’ discourtesy and direct hostile behaviours. With the factor structure validated in Iran the DAS can now be used in further research, for example to examine how Iranian drivers express their anger in different traffic situations. Cross-culturally, the results can be compared with other countries.
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creator: Hamid Reza Behnood
creator: Alireza Shiarsoda
creator: Gunilla Björklund
creator: Henriette Wallén Warner
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hamid Reza Behnood, Alireza Shiarsoda, Gunilla Björklund, Henriette Wallén Warner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-14
publication date: 2026-08-14
starting page: e000145
ending page: e000145
doi: 10.55329/myby6678

Single- and non-single bicycle crashes at urban intersections: influential factors and comparison of ambulance- and police-reported crash datasets
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description: Widespread and common usage of bicycles makes cycling safety a critical issue, as over the years, cyclists’ injuries and fatalities have been rising. The majority of cycling safety literature justifiably focuses on the dangers posed by motor vehicles; however, single-bicycle crashes (SBCs) are a major portion of injuries and hospitalisations in the Netherlands. To address this gap, this study has a twofold objectives: 1) to compare SBCs and Non-SBCs in the police- and ambulance-reported crash datasets, and 2) to identify and examine different factors contributing to SBCs and Non-SBCs at urban intersections with 30 km/h and 50 km/h speed limits. For this purpose, we compared SBCs with non-SBCs (cyclist crashes involving other vehicles) by modelling the cyclist crash occurrence at urban intersections. This allowed estimating the effects of different factors associated with the built environment, infrastructure, and traffic exposure. To address the underreporting problem associated with police-reported datasets, we used ambulance dataset collected at the Flevoland region of the Netherlands. Results revealed that traffic and cycling volumes, as well as cycling infrastructure, have the most impact on increasing bicycle-involved crash counts. Furthermore, proximity to destinations is proved to be relevant, depending on the specific destination and type of crash it has an effect on. Traffic volume showed to be most relevant for Non-SBCs at 50 km/h roads, while cycling infrastructure had an important effect both on SBCs and Non-SBCs.
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creator: Inés Blanes Martín-Posadillo
creator: Teun Uijtdewilligen
creator: Mehmet Baran Ulak
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Inés Blanes Martín-Posadillo, Teun Uijtdewilligen, Mehmet Baran Ulak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-14
publication date: 2026-08-14
starting page: e000148
ending page: e000148
doi: 10.55329/uico3638

Traffic as a social dilemma? Viewing road user behavior through a prosocial lens
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description: Traffic serves as a context where road users engage in various interactions, with the outcomes of these bearing significant implications for the safety of all involved. While traditional research on road user behavior has predominantly focused on risky behaviors, there has been an increasing emphasis on prosocial, or positive, behaviors. This paper posits that the road environment constitutes a complex social dilemma, wherein individual self-interest frequently conflicts with collective safety and efficiency. By integrating theoretical insights from literature on altruism and prosociality, including distinctions between altruistic (self-sacrificing) and mutualistic (mutually beneficial) behaviors, we advocate for a more profound conceptual understanding of prosociality within traffic contexts. Future research directions are explored, encompassing practical interventions, such as the implications for automated vehicle technologies. Ultimately, the paper proposes that enhanced theoretical clarity regarding prosocial driving can substantially contribute to the development of more effective policies and safer road environments.
subject: Review
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creator: Ibrahim Ozturk
creator: Daniel Farrelly
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 İbrahim Öztürk, Daniel Farrelly https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-14
publication date: 2026-08-14
starting page: e000147
ending page: e000147
doi: 10.55329/mjpc6260

Face the facts: a characterisation of 2013–2025 UK motorcycle collisions, head impact locations and injury outcomes supporting facial impact testing
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description: There is limited contemporary evidence on head impact conditions and injuries in motorcyclists, despite substantial recent changes in vehicles, helmet design and test standards. This constrains evidence-driven improvements to helmet protection and impact test protocols, particularly for underrepresented facial impacts. We quantified head impact locations and associated head and facial injury distributions in 12 years of motorcycle collisions from Great Britain’s Road Accident In-Depth Studies (RAIDS) database (1 April 2013–31 March 2025). Injuries were classified using Abbreviated Injury Scale codes augmented with free-text identification of clinically utilised Mayo-classified brain injury, and primary helmet impact location was derived from investiga-tor summaries and helmet photographs. Most of the 353 motorcyclists were injured (93%) and male (90%), and 2% were unhelmeted. One third sustained at least one head injury and 24.9% sustained Mayo-classified traumatic brain injury (19.0% moderate–severe). Facial injuries occurred in 12.2%, including 4.4% with facial fracture. Skull fractures (including basilar) and intracranial haemorrhage were also common. Head and facial injuries were more prevalent in fatally injured motorcyclists than survivors. Primary helmet impact location was determined for 125 motorcyclists with 50.4% of impacts to the facial region. Head injury rates and patterns were similar across different primary impact locations. When primary facial impacts caused head injury, upper face and chinbar impacts dominated visor impacts. Facial impacts are both frequent and associated with clinically important head injuries. Helmet standards and consumer ratings should incorporate facial impact assessments and adopt injury risk criteria reflecting skull fractures (particularly basilar skull fractures), focal brain injury and intracranial haemorrhage.
subject: Research article
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creator: Claire E. Baker
creator: Zhuoxiaoyue Wang
creator: Lucas Low
creator: Emily Ashworth
creator: Mark H. Wilson
creator: David J. Sharp
creator: Nils Lubbe
creator: Shiyang Meng
creator: Mazdak Ghajari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Claire E. Baker; Zhuoxiaoyue Wang, Lucas Low, Emily Ashworth, Mark H. Wilson, David J. Sharp, Nils Lubbe, Shiyang Meng, Mazdak Ghajari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-12
publication date: 2026-08-12
starting page: e000142
ending page: e000142
doi: 10.55329/kohk5876

Analysing bike crash reasons and predicting occurrence in Izmir city: insights from a logit regression model
type: item
description: This study aims to analyse the occurrence and causes of bicycle crashes in Izmir, Turkey, with a focus on socio-demographic factors, cycling behaviours, and urban infrastructure. It seeks to identify key determinants of crash probability and reasons using regression models. Data were collected via face-to-face surveys from 1,796 cyclists across Izmir. 25% of surveyed cyclists reported having experienced a bicycle crash. Two statistical models were applied: a binary logistic regression to predict the probability of crash occurrence and a multinomial logit model to determine crash causes. Spatial data were also analysed to identify high-risk urban areas using GIS tools. The binary logistic model showed that higher age, education, income, and use of safety equipment reduced the likelihood of a crash. The multinomial logit model revealed that cyclist distraction, poor road infrastructure, and the sudden appearance of vehicles and pedestrians were the main crash causes. Younger cyclists were more vulnerable to sudden appearances. Spatial analysis identified Konak as the highest risk area, with Bornova and Karsiyaka also showing significant crash densities. Findings highlight the critical role of dedicated cycling infrastructure, especially in urban centres with mixed traffic. Policymakers should prioritize expanding bike lanes, improve road conditions, and promote cyclist education, particularly among youth and low-income populations.
subject: Research article
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creator: Elia Odabasi
creator: Mohammed Hajouj
creator: Yalçın Alver
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Elia Odabaşı, Mohammed Hajouj, Yalçın Alver https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
starting page: e000146
ending page: e000146
doi: 10.55329/gxzw7901

Can you hear the collision risk? A VR study on beamforming warnings for cyclists at urban intersections
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description: Right turns at urban intersections pose a significant risk to cyclists, but existing infrastructure-based warning systems often suffer from high false alarm rates and a lack of specificity. Following a PICO-based research design, this study addresses the research question of whether targeted acoustic warnings using beamforming technology can effectively warn cyclists (target) while simultaneously minimizing the disturbance for pedestrians and residents (non-targets). Using a fully immersive VR environment with spatial audio simulations and realistic traffic noise sounds, the study examined how cyclists, pedestrians, and residents perceive and accept these targeted signals. The experiment compared different warning sounds at varying distances from the intersection to determine their perceptibility and effectiveness. The results show that while all acoustic warnings were reliably perceived as relevant, verbal warnings proved to be the most effective, as speech is immediately understood regardless of the cyclist's distance from the intersection. In terms of environmental impact, the study found that beamforming can significantly minimize disturbance to pedestrians and residents, with narrow-beam signals perceived as the least disturbing. This work contributes to this field of research by demonstrating that spatially controlled acoustic systems offer a more specific and socially acceptable solution for protecting vulnerable cyclists than conventional omnidirectional or purely visual methods. By combining technical precision with intuitive communication, this approach effectively counteracts the “cry wolf” effect and improves overall road safety.
subject: Research article
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subject: ICTCT conference (2025) Berlin, Germany
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creator: Rodney Leitner
creator: Christoph Ende
creator: Timo Jahns
creator: Michaela Rehm
creator: Marek Junghans
creator: Christian Weissig
creator: Thomas Jürgensohn
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rodney Leitner, Christoph Ende, Timo Jahns, Michaela Rehm, Marek Junghans, Christian Weissig, Thomas Jürgensohn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-17
publication date: 2026-07-17
starting page: e000144
ending page: e000144
doi: 10.55329/vtcg9685

Influence of weather on aspects of driving behaviour at an urban intersection
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description: Weather conditions increase crash risk due to decreased visibility, changing vehicle dynamics, and driving behaviour. It remains unclear how different weather conditions affect non-crash driving behaviour, whose understanding is essentially important for the genesis of crashes, and for the development of automated driving functions (ADFs). In this study the influence of 25 different weather conditions on driving behaviour at an urban intersection in Germany was quantified using selected surrogate measures of safety (SMoS). For this purpose, eight months of combined trajectory and weather data were used. For each interaction the most critical moments defined by the minimum time-to-collision, and the associated kinematic profiles in that moment were evaluated. The findings suggest measurable and significant differences in driving behaviour across all weather types, indicating that drivers adjust speed, acceleration, and spatio-temporal distances in response to weather, but particularly in response to their manoeuvres. Apparently, these responses have no negative effect on road safety. However, the results extend the current state of the art by quantifying weather- and manoeuvre-related behavioural adaptation in non-crash situations and by identifying potential implications for road infrastructure.
subject: Research article
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subject: ICTCT conference (2025) Berlin, Germany
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creator: Marek Junghans
creator: Claudia Leschik
creator: Clemens Schicktanz
creator: Peter Wagner
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Marek Junghans, Claudia Leschik, Clemens Schicktanz, Peter Wagner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-03
publication date: 2026-07-03
starting page: e000143
ending page: e000143
doi: 10.55329/kbji6643

Health services use for transport injuries among children and youth in Ontario from 2015–2022: a population-based study
type: item
description: Transportation-related injuries remain one of the leading causes of mortality among children and youth in Canada. Factors such as age, sex, marginalization, and the COVID-19 pandemic may influence children’s interactions with their environment and their mobility patterns. The objectives of this study were to describe: (1) the incidence of transport-related emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations in Ontario by type (motor vehicle, pedestrian, cycling) and by age and sex; and (2) the temporal trends in transport-related health service utilization by type and level of marginalization over time, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data for all traffic and non-traffic motor vehicle and vulnerable road user injuries (VRU, pedestrians and cyclists) were obtained for ED visits and hospitalizations in Ontario from January 2015 to March 2022. Descriptive analyses were completed by age group, sex, and marginalization across the study period. A simulation approach using Bayesian Poisson regression was employed to examine how the pandemic affected temporal trends. During the study period, the rate per 10 000 children and youth with motor vehicle-related injuries was 328 (95% CI: 325–331), and for VRU-related injuries was 275 (95% CI: 272.4–277). Sixty-one percent of cyclist ED visits and hospitalizations were non-traffic related. Males, children and youth aged 10–19 and more marginalized children generally had higher rates of both ED visits and hospitalizations than females, children aged 0–9 and those less marginalized. At the onset of the pandemic, ED visits for traffic-related motor vehicle and all pedestrians were lower than expected, and non-traffic motor vehicle and all cyclists were higher than expected. The greatest differences from expected in ED visits were in the least marginalized children; for example, there was a 107% increase in cyclist non-traffic in the least marginalized versus 11% increase in the most marginalized quintile. The findings of th…
subject: Research article
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subject: CARSP/ICTCT conference (2025) Quebec city, Canada
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creator: Linda Rothman
creator: Ian Pike
creator: Adrian Sammy
creator: Saroar Zubair
creator: Alex Zheng
creator: Shazya Karmali
creator: Brice Batomen
creator: Andrew Howard
creator: Natasha Saunders
creator: Shelina Babul
creator: Omidreza Sadrmanesh
creator: Fahra Rajabali
creator: Pamela Fuselli
creator: Alison K. Macpherson
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Linda Rothman, Ian Pike, Adrian Sammy, Saroar Zubair, Alex Zheng, Shazya Karmali, Brice Batomen, Andrew Howard, Natasha Saunders, Shelina Babul, Omidreza Sadrmanesh, Fahra Rajabali, Pamela Fuselli, Alison K. Macpherson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: e000138
ending page: e000138
doi: 10.55329/hjsh7438

Analyzing driver behavior: the influence of demographics on risky, aggressive, distracted, and unlawful driving behaviors
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description: Road traffic injuries remain a major public health concern in Pakistan and other low- and middle-income countries, where driver behaviour is a dominant crash-contributing factor. However, limited multi-city evidence exists on how demographic characteristics jointly influence aberrant driving across different dimensions. This study investigates the associations among age, gender, and driving experience, and four dimensions of aberrant driving behaviour—risky, aggressive, distracted, and unlawful—using a cross-sectional survey of 400 drivers from 10 major urban centers in Punjab, Pakistan. A Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ)-based instrument was used to construct composite indices, and descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression were applied. Risky driving had the highest mean score (3.81 on a five-point scale), with higher levels among drivers with ≥10 years of experience (mean = 4.02). Younger drivers reported higher levels of aggressive behaviour, while male drivers exhibited higher levels of aggressive, distracted, and unlawful behaviour. The findings indicate that dangerous driving in Pakistan is not limited to young drivers but extends to middle-aged and experienced drivers. This study contributes to road-safety literature by providing multi-city, disaggregated DBQ-based evidence from Pakistan, showing that demographic effects are not uniform across aberrant-driving dimensions and that risky and unlawful behaviours are not confined to young or inexperienced drivers but also extend to middle-aged and experienced drivers.
subject: Research article
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creator: Malik Muneeb Abid
creator: Waqas Haroon
creator: Ashok Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Malik Muneeb Abid, Waqas Haroon, Ashok Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-19
publication date: 2026-06-19
starting page: e000140
ending page: e000140
doi: 10.55329/xzug2157

Modelling self-reported driver perspectives and fatigued driving via deep learning
type: item
description: Driving while fatigued is a considerably understudied risk factor contributing to car crashes every year. The first step in mitigating the respective crash risks is to attempt to infer fatigued driving from other parameters, in order to gauge its extend in road networks. The aim of this study is to investigate the extent to which declared fatigued driving behavior can be predicted based on overall driver opinions and perceptions on that issue. For that purpose, a broad cross-country questionnaire from the ESRA2 survey was used. The questionnaire is related to self-declared beliefs, perception, and attitudes towards a wide range of traffic safety topics. Initially, a binary logistic regression model was trained to provide causal insights on which variables affect the likelihood that a driver engaged in driving while fatigued. Drivers reporting driving under the influence of drugs, fatigue, or alcohol, as well as speeding, safety, and texting while driving or drivers who were more acceptable of fatigued driving were more likely to have recently driven while fatigued. In contrast, acceptability of other hazardous behaviors, namely mobile phone use and drunk driving, was negatively correlated with fatigued driving behavior, as were more responsible driver perspectives overall. To provide a more accurate detection mechanism, which would also incorporate non-linear effects, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) was subsequently trained on the data, slightly outperforming the binary logistic model. From the results of both models, it was concluded that declared fatigued driving behavior can be predicted from questionnaire data, providing new insights to fatigue detection.
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creator: Alexandros Zoupos
creator: Apostolos Ziakopoulos
creator: George Yannis
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Alexandros Zoupos, Apostolos Ziakopoulos, George Yannis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-11-16
publication date: 2021-11-16
starting page: 000003
ending page: 000003
doi: 10.55329/galf7789

An approach to improve safety performance for work related road traffic by applying an occupational health and safety (OHS) framework
type: item
description: In 2023, about 1.19 million road users were killed according to the WHO, and the Academic Expert Group (AEG) estimates that approximately one-third of these deaths were work-related. This paper emphasizes that employers are bound to occupational health and safety (OHS) standards while using public roads and should ensure the same attention to traffic injury prevention as in other workplaces. Using analysis of current practices, this paper explores the interplay between road traffic rules and OHS regulations. Work-related driving requires compliance with both road rules and OHS obligations. Organizations often violate road rules, undermining OHS principles that demand that employers take every reasonable step to maximize safety through the use of effective and evidence-based safety measures. This means that work-related traffic should exceed the minimum safety requirements encoded in road rules, and maximize safety through the use of the best available methods. Research shows that several key road safety prevention strategies have demonstrated positive effects, allowing for effective implementation of OHS laws. This paper proposes a 5-point assessment of organizational safety compliance and rigorous safety management based on well-established key safety factors.
subject: Research article
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creator: Claes Tingvall
creator: Anders Lie
creator: Peter Andersson
creator: Jeffrey Michael
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Claes Tingvall, Anders Lie, Peter Andersson, Jeffrey Michael https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-19
publication date: 2026-06-19
starting page: e000141
ending page: e000141
doi: 10.55329/qomr9030

A data-driven framework for assessing horizontal curve safety using friction and reliability analysis: a case study on an Indian highway
type: item
description: Horizontal curves are frequently associated with elevated crash risk because of the combined effects of vehicle speed, roadway geometry, and tire–pavement friction. This study examines these interactions using field data collected from five horizontal curves on NH-340C in India. An empirical model for estimating the maximum available side friction was developed using measured vehicle speeds, superelevation, and pavement surface texture represented by Mean Texture Depth (MTD). Curve safety was evaluated using three complementary indicators: the Safety Index (SI), Change in Safety Index (ΔSI), and Dynamic Curve Safety Index (DCSI), which together describe local stability conditions and safety variations along the curve. The calibrated friction model shows a decrease in available friction with increasing speed and a moderate increase with pavement texture, producing values in the range of 0.16–0.28 that are consistent with international design guidelines. Model reliability was evaluated using uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques, including the delta method, bootstrap resampling, the First-Order Reliability Method, and global sensitivity analysis using Sobol and Morris approaches. The results indicate that pavement texture and operating speed are the dominant factors influencing friction variability, while superelevation has a comparatively smaller effect. In addition, a regression-based model was developed to estimate mid-curve operating speeds, which can support the determination of advisory speeds for curve safety management.
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creator: R. Srinivasa Kumar
creator: Vemula Rajesh Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 R. Srinivasa Kumar, Vemula Rajesh Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-13
publication date: 2026-06-13
starting page: e000139
ending page: e000139
doi: 10.55329/uzno7733

Personality traits as predictors of driver behaviour: a comprehensive profiling study of Portuguese drivers
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description: Human factors substantially contribute to road crashes. However, assessing their effects is complex due to the influence of individual characteristics such as personality. Therefore, studies examining the relationship between personality traits and driving behaviour are essential. This study aimed to construct driver behaviour profiles based on these relationships within a large sample of Portuguese drivers. A community sample of 747 licensed drivers, aged under 75 and with at least three years of driving experience, completed an online survey. Instruments included the NEO-Five Factor Inventory-20, the Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking Scale, and the 24-item Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ). Firstly, multiple linear regressions were conducted considering the three driving behaviour dimensions of the DBQ to support the construction of the profiles. Results indicated that neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, impulsivity, and sensation seeking predicted infractions and aggressive driving. Neuroticism, conscientiousness, and impulsivity predicted non-intentional errors, while neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness, and impulsivity were associated with lapses. Even after controlling for age and gender, personality traits remained significant predictors. Secondly, four driver behaviour profiles were constructed using two alternative methodologies: an empirical approach and cluster analysis with k-means. Profiles built using the empirical approach resulted in four groups of drivers characterised by more easily identifiable driving behaviours: prudent, regular, distracted/forgetful, and aggressive drivers. The distracted/forgetful group showed a positive relationship to crash involvement. Overall, the study shows that the complex driver behaviour needs to be carefully grouped.
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creator: Joana Félix Dourado
creator: Sara Ferreira
creator: Ana Telma Pereira
creator: Ana Bastos Silva
creator: Álvaro da Maia Seco
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Joana Félix Dourado, Sara Ferreira, Ana Telma Pereira, Ana Bastos Silva, Álvaro da Maia Seco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-22
publication date: 2026-05-22
starting page: e000136
ending page: e000136
doi: 10.55329/chby5534

Driver visual attention and in-vehicle touchscreen: the role of short training session
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description: The growing integration of in-vehicle centre stack touchscreens has enhanced driver access to information and control systems but raised significant safety concerns due to increased visual distraction. This study investigates whether a short pre-drive training session can mitigate distraction and improve driver interaction with in-vehicle touchscreen. Using a driving simulator and eye-tracking technology, 60 licensed Norwegian drivers were assigned to trained and untrained groups to compare visual attention patterns during secondary tasks involving touchscreen use. Results showed that while all participants exhibited high visual demand on the touchscreen, trained drivers demonstrated slightly lower fixation counts, shorter durations, and reduced self-transition probabilities within the touchscreen area, suggesting more efficient and potentially safer interactions. However, these differences were not statistically significant, indicating a limited effect of the short training provided. The findings highlight the complexity of the touchscreen interface and potential of pre-drive touchscreen familiarization in improving visual attention.
subject: Research article
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subject: ICTCT conference (2024), the Hague, the Netherlands
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creator: Abrar Hazoor
creator: Giuseppe Marinelli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abrar Hazoor, Giuseppe Marinelli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-22
publication date: 2026-05-22
starting page: e000137
ending page: e000137
doi: 10.55329/xznx4003

Dangerous ground or peaceful coexistence? Analysing cycling behaviour adaption on shared paths using crowdsourced GPS cycling data
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description: Walking and cycling are increasingly promoted as sustainable and health-enhancing modes, yet rising volumes in shared urban spaces intensify interactions and perceived conflict potential. While numerous studies show that pedestrian–cyclist interactions rarely result in safety-critical incidents, behavioural adaptations, such as speed reduction and crash avoiding manoeuvres, plays a key role in mitigating risk and increasing perceived safety. As most existing research relies on data-intensive methods such as video observations or simulations, this paper explores the potential of large-scale GPS cycling data to analyse conflict potential and behavioural adaptation in areas shared spaces used by pedestrians and cyclists. Considering the pedestrian zone ‘Prague Street’ in Dresden, Germany, as a case study, we combine GPS trajectories from the 2024th CITY CYCLING campaign with a time-based proxy data for pedestrian density. The results show clear behavioural adaptation: during periods of high pedestrian activity, cyclist do not only use other routes, but cycling volumes decrease and average speeds are reduced by approximately 5–8 km/h. The findings confirm established relationships between density, speed, and conflict mitigation, while highlighting both the opportunities and limitations of GPS based approaches. The study demonstrates that such data can serve as a scalable screening tool for assessing behavioural adaptation and potential risk in shared spaces. We further propose a model considering most relevant data to comprehensively analyse risk potential in near future.
subject: Case report
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subject: ICTCT conference (2025) Berlin, Germany
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creator: Stefan Huber
creator: Sven Lißner
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Stefan Huber, Sven Lißner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: e000135
ending page: e000135
doi: 10.55329/hlqo1058

Extracting roadway vertical alignment from USGS LiDAR point cloud data using an Artificial Neural Network based method
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description: Vertical grades and vertical curvature significantly influence traffic safety. However, obtaining accurate and large-scale data on roadway vertical alignment remains a major challenge. This paper presents a cost-effective and efficient method for estimating roadway vertical alignment using publicly available aerial LiDAR data provided by the United States Geological Survey. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was proposed to predict whether a LiDAR point belongs to a vertical curve or a tangent segment. Due to the limited availability of actual roadway vertical alignment data and the substantial data requirements of machine learning models, a synthetic training dataset was generated by systematically varying road grades and segment lengths to represent realistic combinations of tangents, crest and sag curves. This approach ensured that the model was exposed to a wide range of geometric configurations and allowed it to learn generalized relationships between vertical alignment features and their corresponding geometric parameters. The model was then independently evaluated by comparing the vertical alignment estimated from the extracted aerial LiDAR data for two-lane two-way rural roadways, Route 152 in New Jersey and Route 299 in California, with their corresponding actual vertical alignment data. In addition, a case study was conducted on another rural two-lane highway in which the model was used to compute safe speeds for each roadway segment. The resulting speeds were then compared with the posted speed limits along the corridor. The satisfactory estimation results of this study indicate that the proposed approach can be used for conducting large-scale analyses to estimate vertical alignment using publicly available LiDAR data.
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creator: Mojibulrahman Jami
creator: Bekir Bartin
creator: Kaan Ozbay
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mojibulrahman Jami, Bekir Bartin, Kaan Ozbay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
starting page: e000134
ending page: e000134
doi: 10.55329/piou4930

Intelligent Speed Assistance: an on-road evaluation
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description: Although approximately 29% of traffic fatalities involve excessive speed, individual vehicle technology that can reduce speeding has not been widely studied or implemented in the United States (U.S). Starting in 2022, NYC DCAS conducted the largest public pilot of active Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) in the U.S., with approximately 400 vehicles equipped with a device that prevents acceleration when the vehicle is traveling faster than a preset threshold over the speed limit (typically 11 mph). Using an “opportunity to speed” framework (i.e., only account for driving time when a driver is traveling at least 5 mph below the speed limit), an analysis of 270 vehicles equipped with ISA showed there was a 64.18% relative decrease in the time driven >11 mph over the posted speed limit following ISA activation compared to before activation. This decrease in time spent speeding was not seen in non-equipped control vehicles. Speeding drive time reduction ranged from ~50% on 25 mph local roads, which have speed safety cameras set to the same enforced speed threshold, to 77% reduction on 50 mph roads. In addition, the impact of ISA on speeding behaviour of habitual speeders in 130 vehicles was similar to that on the primary cohort, indicating active ISA is effective at significantly reducing severe speeding across a wide range of drivers and fleets.
subject: Research article
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subject: CARSP/ICTCT conference (2025) Quebec city, Canada
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creator: Alexander K. Epstein
creator: Sarah Yahoodik
creator: Alyssa Brodeur
creator: Juwon Drake
creator: Tomomi Landsman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alexander K. Epstein, Sarah Yahoodik, Alyssa Brodeur, Juwon Drake, Tomomi Landsman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
starting page: e000132
ending page: e000132
doi: 10.55329/qopq5888

Assessing how physical and mental fatigue affect driving speed on the Banda Aceh–Medan highway, Indonesia
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description: This study was motivated by the relatively high number of traffic accidents along Banda Aceh–Medan highway, where driver fatigue has been repeatedly cited as the key contributing factor. The research aimed to determine the extent to which physical and mental fatigue influence driving speed behavior on this long-distance route. A quantitative survey was conducted with 400 drivers, both professional and private, using the validated fatigue scales and Structural Equation Modeling for the data analysis. The results indicated that physical fatigue negatively affects speed stability, while mental fatigue significantly increases speed variability. Nevertheless, both physical and mental fatigue explaining 57.8% of the variance in driving speed. These findings highlight the dual cognitive and physiological dimensions of fatigue, emphasizing its role in impaired speed regulation and increased accident risk. This study contributes to existing knowledge by quantifying the distinct effects of physical and mental fatigue on driving performance in a real-world setting, thereby offering empirical support for targeted fatigue management interventions on long-distance routes.
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creator: Yusria Darma
creator: Sofyan Saleh
creator: Juliana Fisaini
creator: Sugiarto Sugiarto
creator: Puteri Rezeki Saida
creator: Faiza Mauladea
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yusria Darma, Sofyan Saleh, Juliana Fisaini, Sugiarto Sugiarto, Puteri Rezeki Saida, Faiza Mauladea https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
starting page: e000131
ending page: e000131
doi: 10.55329/titw8527

The effect of navigation modalities on driver performance, workload and user experience: a simulator study
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description: Young novice drivers are overrepresented in crash statistics, highlighting the need for effective training interventions. Swedish authorities have discussed simulator-based screening tests to improve licensing outcomes. This study investigated how visual versus auditory navigation instructions affect driving performance, cognitive load, and user experience in a driving simulator. A highly relevant comparison as the real-world driving tests uses auditive navigation through an examinator. Fifty students at an automotive high school with prior driving simulator experience were assigned to either a visual or auditory instruction group. Participants completed urban driving scenarios with intersections and roundabouts, while metrics such as speed, lane positioning, acceleration/braking, distance to other vehicles, and adherence to traffic rules and instructions were recorded. Cognitive load and user experience were assessed post-drive using NASA-TLX and Likert-scale surveys. Participants receiving auditory instructions committed significantly fewer breaches than those with visual instructions, suggesting there is less driving performance compromise in the auditory navigation condition as compared to the visual navigation condition. No significant difference between groups appeared for cognitive load. These results suggest that auditory instructions better reflect real-world driving test conditions and may enhance the ecological validity of simulator-based screening tests for novice drivers.
subject: Short communication
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subject: ICTCT conference (2025) Berlin, Germany
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creator: Marius Brudvik Norell
creator: Birgitta Thorslund
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Marius Brudvik Norell, Birgitta Thorslund https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-18
publication date: 2026-03-18
starting page: e000133
ending page: e000133
doi: 10.55329/ckxn1339

To pass or not to pass: a field experiment on human values in interactions with automated vehicles
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description: Vulnerable road users (VRUs), such as pedestrians and cyclists, are at high risk in road traffic, accounting for more than half of all global traffic fatalities. Ensuring safe interactions with highly automated vehicles (AVs) requires understanding and predicting VRUs' behaviour. This study investigated the relevance and predictive role of human values alongside environmental factors in real-world VRU-AV interactions. In a field experiment using a Wizard-of-Oz paradigm, 28 pedestrians and 29 cyclists interacted with an oncoming vehicle in a space-sharing scenario. Human values were assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively, while distance to the vehicle and driving mode (AV vs. manually driven) were manipulated. Results show that numerous human values (e.g. comprehensibility, legal compliance, self-efficacy, relaxedness) were rated as highly relevant, but only values related to relaxed interaction significantly predicted pedestrians' behaviour. Distance predicted interaction behaviour for VRU groups, whereas driving mode had no effect. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of considering both environmental factors and human values. The study demonstrates that values provide a broader perspective for understanding VRU behaviour and informing the design of safe, trustworthy, and acceptable VRU-AV interactions.
subject: Research article
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creator: Josephine Halama
creator: Julius Alexander Knittel
creator: Stefan Brandenburg
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Josephine Halama, Julius Alexander Knittel, Stefan Brandenburg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
starting page: e000129
ending page: e000129
doi: 10.55329/lsoi1213

Supporting success: teaching driving to learners with neurodevelopmental disorders
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description: Driving education can be challenging for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) due to the various symptoms which accompanies the disorders. However, previous research on NDDs and driving has prioritized cognitive deficits over specific mitigation strategies for driver training. This study aims to explore driving instructors' experiences of teaching individuals with NDDs with the research questions: (i) what challenges do driving instructors experience when working with individuals with NDDs during the process of teaching and learning to drive? and (ii) how do driving instructors address these challenges in terms of teaching methods and strategies? Thirteen certified Swedish driving instructors with experience teaching students with NDDs participated in semi-structured interviews which were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The findings reveal both cognitive and structural challenges, for example difficulties processing information in various traffic situations and the need for additional resources. The driving instructors emphasized the importance of clear communication and creating a structured and supportive environment. To meet the needs of learners with NDDs, they described using a range of adaptive strategies. These include breaking down tasks into smaller steps, using repetition, giving clear and concrete instructions, and incorporating illustrations and demonstrations to enhance understanding. The results highlight the importance of targeted, individualized support within driver education for learners with NDDs. They also provide practical insights into current teaching approaches and highlight areas for recommended focus. By shedding light on instructional strategies, this study informs both practice and policy, contributing to a more inclusive, effective and accessible driver education system for individuals with NDDs.
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creator: Lina Hertzberg
creator: Birgitta Thorslund
creator: Helena Selander
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lina Hertzberg, Birgitta Thorslund, Helena Selander https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-17
publication date: 2026-03-17
starting page: e000130
ending page: e000130
doi: 10.55329/gbbw9914

Is that what people want? An initial study on the intention to use self-driving taxis in the city of Zurich
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description: Fully autonomous Level-4 electric taxis, operating independently without a human driver, are no longer a novelty and are already operating on public roads in the USA and other countries. It is clear that the mobility sector is facing extensive changes, which also affects cities like Zurich. But to what extent will those transport concepts be adopted in cities in the future? Are Level-4 self-driving electric taxis welcome on its streets? This study examined whether this revolution in passenger transport would find acceptance on the streets of Zurich. We explored in which cases, by whom, and for which routes autonomous taxis would be utilized. An online survey with 302 participants assessed the potential intent to use these taxis both during the day and night. The questionnaire was developed based on various theoretical models of technology acceptance and other traffic-related studies and was specifically adapted to the conditions in Zurich. The results showed that factors such as safety and utility evaluations, social influences, and attitudes toward new technologies are significant predictors of usage intention in Zurich. The results also indicate that respondents are not yet fully prepared to hand over control, although the participants expressed an interest in this new technology and an intention to use it. Sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, or education level showed no consistent influence. Based on these findings, several practical implications were identified and subsequently developed, such as highlighting the relevance of safety and user-friendliness in self-driving taxis.
subject: Research article
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creator: Lea Häberli
creator: Sabrina Hofer
creator: Markus Hackenfort
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lea Häberli, Sabrina Hofer, Markus Hackenfort https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-20
publication date: 2026-02-20
starting page: e000128
ending page: e000128
doi: 10.55329/utjs1888

The maximum allowable handlebar disturbance: an indicator for the ex-ante evaluation of cycling fall prevention interventions
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description: Falls due to disturbances are a common cause of serious cycling injuries, yet evaluation approaches to systematically evaluate interventions aimed at improving balance recovery are lacking. Current ex-post evaluations are hindered by sparse crash data, and existing ex-ante approaches often lack generalizability or rely on surrogate measures that are not validated against fall risk. This study introduces the Maximum Allowable Handlebar Disturbance (MAHD), a novel performance indicator that quantifies the largest handlebar disturbance a cyclist can recover from without falling. The MAHD captures the cyclist's resilience to disturbances and provides a direct, interpretable measure of intervention effectiveness. We propose two methods for determining MAHD: (1) controlled treadmill experiments with induced handlebar disturbances and safe fall conditions and (2) simulations using bicycle dynamics and cyclist control models. Together, these methods allow quantitative ex-ante evaluation and systematic comparison of interventions targeting cyclist control, bicycle design, and infrastructure features such as curbs and road shoulders. With further validation, the MAHD offers practical value for researchers, engineers, and policymakers seeking to design safer bicycles, training programs, and road environments and improve evidencebased resource allocation. In the future, this could reduce fall-related cycling injuries.
subject: Research article
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creator: Marco M. Reijne
creator: Frans C. T. van der Helm
creator: Arend L. Schwab
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Marco M. Reijne, Frans C. T. van der Helm, Arend L. Schwab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-13
publication date: 2026-02-13
starting page: e000124
ending page: e000124
doi: 10.55329/posh4189

The logic of empirical testing of accident prediction models
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description: This paper explains the logic of empirical testing of accident prediction models. The key element of empirical testing is to make out-of-sample predictions of the number of accidents. This means that a model developed in sample A is applied, without modification, to predict the number of accidents in sample B. The procedure is illustrated in two samples formed by randomisation. A model fitted to the first sample was applied to predict the number of accidents in the second sample. The model was only partly supported. In general, any accident prediction model is likely to be merely a local statistical description of a particular data set. If tested by means of out-of-sample predictions, the model is very likely to be falsified. This does not mean that accident prediction models do not show general tendencies, but these tendencies are likely to be empirically supported only at a qualitative level, or at best an ordinal level of numerical measurement. In this sense accident prediction models are similar to many models developed in economics. The models predict the direction, and in some cases the relative strength of statistical relationships, but not their precise numerical values.
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creator: Rune Elvik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rune Elvik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-20
publication date: 2026-01-20
starting page: e000126
ending page: e000126
doi: 10.55329/lpdp1271

Prevalence of drink driving in road traffic in Denmark
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description: Driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) is among the riskiest traffic behaviours road users can conduct. To combat drink driving, clarifying its prevalence is paramount. The objective of this study is to map DUI prevalence in Denmark and separate DUI prevalence into geography (police districts), time of day and day of the week, gender and road user modes. In April 2018 to December 2019, 116,378 DUI breath test samples were taken in all (12) Danish police districts. The survey was designed to mirror real life traffic prevalence; thus, the screened road user would represent the average road user. For each sample, road user mode, gender, age were recorded, and the road user was screened for breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). In the case of a positive screening outcome, a more specific breath test was conducted. This was followed by a blood sample in case of BrAC>0.25 mg/L (corresponding to BAC>0.5 g/L). All road users subject to the legal blood alcohol content (BAC) limit of 0.5 g/L were included in the study, i.e. drivers of personal vehicles, vans, lorries, buses, motorcycles, tractors and mopeds. DUI prevalence for drivers “on wheels” was compared to DUI prevalence for drivers in personal injury accidents (PIA). Overall DUI prevalence was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.18%–0.23%). DUI prevalence was lowest in the police district Copenhagen (urban area) and highest in police district Bornholm (most rural area). Twice as many male as female drivers were DUI (0.24% (95% CI: 0.21%–0.28%) and 0.12% (95% CI: 0.08%–0.16%), respectively). Middle-aged drivers were the group with the highest DUI prevalence (0.27%). DUI prevalence in personal injury accidents was disproportionately high in the age group 25–44 suggesting higher BACs and/or a higher accident risk. Moped riders had a significantly higher DUI prevalence (3.1%) than any other road user group. Moreover, the share of DUI personal injury accidents including moped riders was disproportionately high (23.0%) compared to their sh…
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creator: Tove Hels
creator: Lars Klit Reiff
creator: Harry Lahrmann
creator: Tanja Kidholm Osmann Madsen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tove Hels, Lars Klit Reiff, Harry Lahrmann, Tanja Kidholm Osmann Madsen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-24
publication date: 2026-01-24
starting page: e000127
ending page: e000127
doi: 10.55329/wuxs2531

Comparative analysis of methodologies for In-built Network-wide Road Safety Assessments
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description: In-built Network-wide Road Safety Assessment (IRSA) procedures involve the visual inspection of road design characteristics, and assigning scores to sections of the road network based on the availability and condition of the road characteristics. The main objective of the study was to evaluate two IRSA methodologies developed for rural highways, that is the Simplified methodology, and the Networkwide Proactive methodology (NWA Proactive). Both methodologies are applied on a 10.41 km, two-lane undivided rural road section in Latina Province, Italy. The assessment focused on comparing the reliability and predictive performance of these methods. The results revealed that the level of agreement of the rankings from both methods is moderate, while, they both showed poor correlation with crash history. This indicates that there is a need for continuous testing and development of IRSA methodologies since existing ones have a great variation in terms of the choice of parameters such as; risk factors, segmentation approach, risk formulation, and ranking categories. The insights derived from this study are very relevant to road technicians and practitioners involved in road safety assessment procedures.
subject: Research article
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subject: ICTCT conference (2024), the Hague, the Netherlands
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creator: Elvis Chia Ngwah
creator: Stephen Kome Fondzenyuya
creator: Steffel Ludivin Feudjio Tezong
creator: Brayan González-Hernández
creator: Davide Shingo Usami
creator: Luca Persia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Elvis Chia Ngwah, Stephen Kome Fondzenyuya, Steffel Ludivin Feudjio Tezong, Brayan González-Hernández, Davide Shingo Usami, Luca Persia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-20
publication date: 2026-01-20
starting page: e000125
ending page: e000125
doi: 10.55329/ktxy3871

A framework for reliable traffic surrogate safety assessment based on multi-object tracking data
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description: Multiple object tracking (MOT) systems enable the recording of traffic situations and the movements of road users in high detail. These data form the basis for safety-related analyses such as surrogate safety assessment (SSA), which often involves detecting, quantifying, and analysing conflict situations. Due to the rarity of actual conflicts even occasional data errors can significantly affect SSA outcomes. Consequently, high-quality data are essential. However, a gap remains between MOT and SSA research, particularly regarding the impact of data quality on the reliability of SSA results. This study addresses that gap by proposing a framework that explicitly accounts for the effects of data quality to ensure reliable SSA outcomes. Since it treats the data-generating MOT system as a black box, the framework can also be applied by practitioners using historical datasets or in cases of restricted access to the MOT system. Using the surrogate safety measures (SSMs) time-to-collision (TTC) and post-encroachment time (PET), we illustrate how data inaccuracies affect conflict detection and show how the proposed framework can reveal critical data limitations. We also demonstrate its ability to identify the need for data correction methods and to analyse the effects of such methods on SSA outcomes. Finally, our findings underline the importance of scenario-specific data evaluation for ensuring reliable SSA results and suggest that robustness against data inaccuracies should be considered a key criterion when selecting SSMs.
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creator: Markus Steinmaßl
creator: Moritz Beeking
creator: Natasha Troth
creator: Karl Rehrl
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Markus Steinmaßl, Moritz Beeking, Natasha Troth, Karl Rehrl https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: e000123
ending page: e000123
doi: 10.55329/vydx2624

How accurate do car driver report their travelled speed before an accident: a comparison with insights of the Event Data Recorder
type: item
description: Statements of drivers are often used to gain insights into accident causations, whose understanding is an important factor for the development of effective prevention strategies. The coming into effect of the General Safety Regulation 2019 led to an increasing availability of objective vehicle data in the form of Event Data Recorders (EDR) in Germany as well as the whole European Union. This creates the possibility to examine the accuracy of the driver statements in more detail. Among others, maladjusted vehicle speed is an important crash contributing factor. Therefore, a good understanding about the quality and applicability of the drivers' reported speed can be important. The goal of the present study is to examine the accuracy of speed reports from German drivers in the context of accident research. To this end, the reported speeds and speed violations were evaluated with respect to their consistency with the EDR data. Additionally, it was investigated whether there is a relationship between the accuracy of the statements and the role in causing the accident on the one hand and the time elapsed between the accident and the report of the driven speed on the other hand. Based on data from the Audi Accident Research Unit (AARU), this study compares drivers' self-reported speeds prior to an accident obtained by standardized telephone interviews with the respective recorded EDR speeds of the crash vehicles. It was shown that driver reported speed violations significantly less often and to a smaller extent than they were committed based on the EDR data. The reported speeds were significantly lower than the recorded speeds from the EDR data. Furthermore, this effect was significantly stronger for the other accident participants, which tended to underestimate their speed more than the accident causers. This result might be explained by a certain group of other accident participants which were driving very fast (> 200 km/h) on the motorway, as is elaborated in detail in …
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creator: Karen Tschech
creator: Thomas Schenk
creator: Daniel Popp
creator: Volker Alt
creator: Stefanie Weber
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Karen Tschech, Thomas Schenk, Daniel Popp, Volker Alt, Stefanie Weber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
starting page: e000121
ending page: e000121
doi: 10.55329/vtum4072

Lateral shifting behavior of vehicles at horizontal curves and its influencing factors: application of LightGBM and SHAP
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description: Horizontal curves are disproportionately associated with severe crashes due to increased vehicle instability and lane departure risks. This issue is particularly critical in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where poor lane discipline, mixed traffic, and geometric inconsistencies amplify crash potential. Despite its significance, lateral shifting (LS) behavior on horizontal curves remains understudied in LMIC contexts. This study addresses the research question: What are the key factors influencing the lateral shifting behavior of vehicles on rural horizontal curves, and how can they be modeled and interpreted effectively in LMIC conditions? Using trajectory data from 8,748 vehicles across 18 curve segments in India, an explainable machine learning framework is developed. Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) was selected for its superior performance in classification metrics compared to other ML models. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were integrated to interpret model outputs and quantify feature contributions, while Shannon entropy was applied to assess prediction uncertainty. Findings reveal that lane type, vehicle speed, curve radius, lateral clearance, superelevation, and traffic interactions, especially oncoming vehicles, significantly influence lateral shifting behavior. SHAP analysis uncovers nonlinear effects and interaction patterns, including a threshold response to speed and clearance. Notably, the influence of preceding vehicles differs from oncoming traffic, suggesting asymmetric behavioral responses rarely captured in prior studies. This research fills four major gaps in existing literature related to context, terrain, feature scope, and methodology. It provides data-driven insights to support safer curve design and lane departure countermeasures tailored to LMIC road environments.
subject: Research article
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creator: Samrat Debbarma
creator: Wahengbam Ratankumar
creator: Subhadip Biswas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samrat Debbarma, Wahengbam Ratankumar, Subhadip Biswas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-19
publication date: 2025-12-19
starting page: e000122
ending page: e000122
doi: 10.55329/ibsd7781

The importance of infrastructure and road safety culture for pedestrian safety: a comparison of three European and three African countries
type: item
description: Walking is a primary mode of transport in urban Africa, yet it remains unsafe, challenging, and unpleasant. In contrast, several European countries have implemented systematic policies to promote walking through Safe System principles. This study compares pedestrian safety in three African countries (Tanzania, Ghana, Zambia), with three European countries with excellence in road safety and Safe System implementation (Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden). Data includes focus group interviews with African road users and stakeholders (n = 48), fieldwork, and surveys of pedestrians in the African (n = 753) and the European countries (n = 1109). The aims are to examine: (1) pedestrians' perceptions of infrastructure, traffic situation, and traffic safety culture, (2) pedestrians' accident involvement and (3) factors influencing pedestrians' accident involvement. Our results show that pedestrian safety in the studied African countries is not only related to material factors (e.g. safe system infrastructure); it is also related to cultural factors (e.g. societal status of pedestrians, traffic safety culture). We discuss how policy strategies should address both types of factors. Our results indicate that Safe System implementation in the studied African countries is likely to improve pedestrian safety. However, working with infrastructure is not sufficient; cultural factors, including the sociocultural position of pedestrians, must also be addressed. We also discuss how infrastructure, traffic situation and traffic safety culture are related to larger framework conditions, like urban planning, public transport systems, and economy.
subject: Research article
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creator: Tor-Olav Nævestad
creator: Sonja Forward
creator: Enoch F. Sam
creator: Jaqueline Masaki
creator: Daniel Mwamba
creator: Thomas Miyoba
creator: Filbert Francis
creator: Anthony Fiangor
creator: Jenny Blom
creator: Ingeborg Storesund Hesjevoll
creator: Aliaksei Laureshyn
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tor-Olav Nævestad, Sonja Forward, Enoch F. Sam, Jaqueline Masaki, Daniel Mwamba, Thomas Miyoba, Filbert Francis, Anthony Fiangor, Jenny Blom, Ingeborg Storesund Hesjevoll, Aliaksei Laureshyn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-08
publication date: 2025-12-08
starting page: e000110
ending page: e000110
doi: 10.55329/fqxm8031

Safe System, Vision Zero, and Sustainable Safety: a scoping review
type: item
description: In this study, we provide a scoping review of the research literature on Vision Zero, Safe System and Sustainable Safety. Using a simplified PRISMA approach, we identify 129 studies, describing what year and where the studies are from, which topics the studies are about, and how the terms are used. Using a thematic analysis of the abstracts of the 129 studies, we identify seven main study topics in the studies. The most prevalent study topics are: 1) Case study/Implementation study, 2) Study on principles, 3) Study on practical/strategic use, 4) Study on "readiness", or factors that inhibit or promote implementation, 5) Vulnerable road users, inequality and social justice, 6) Results of measures and potential, and 7) Future challenges and solutions. We describe knowledge status, knowledge gaps and questions for future research within each study topic. The studies find that entities that have formally implemented the Safe System have relatively low levels of implementation, due to implementation barriers and operationalization challenges. The studies find that it is not necessarily clearly defined what Vision Zero/Safe System is in practice, and that the concept must be interpreted and translated by those who will implement it. Thus, current road safety policies do not fully realise the potential improvements that Safe System can provide, because the principles are not followed to a sufficient extent. A Norwegian study estimate that the number of road fatalities in Norway can be reduced by 50%–70% by following the Safe System principles fully and systematically. Thus, a major challenge, also in mature Safe System contexts, is to facilitate actual Safe System implementation, by mapping barriers/facilitators and Safe System readiness, and defining actions to realise the full potential of Safe System implementation.
subject: Review
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creator: Tor-Olav Nævestad
creator: Ingeborg Storesund Hesjevoll
creator: Rune Elvik
creator: Øyvind Lothe Brunstad
creator: Jenny Blom
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tor-Olav Nævestad, Ingeborg Storesund Hesjevoll, Rune Elvik, Øyvind Lothe Brunstad, Jenny Blom https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-08
publication date: 2025-12-08
starting page: e000115
ending page: e000115
doi: 10.55329/ekkh3689

Investigation on road traffic safety in rural areas using trajectory data: case studies at two measurement sites
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description: Analyses of daily driving patterns and near misses offer valuable insights into road safety, particularly as crashes are expected to become increasingly rare. While research has largely focused on highway and urban environments, rural areas remain underexplored. This study addresses this gap by investigating traffic behavior with a specific focus on safety-relevant scenarios at two rural sites in Germany, located south of Berlin along the Federal Road 179. We collected trajectory data and video material over a two-week observation period at each site. Although no accidents or critical conflicts were observed, several behavioral patterns emerged that may comprise traffic safety. Drivers frequently exceed the speed limits and engaged in overtaking maneuvers at intersections. Additionally, vehicles on the main road often yielded their right of way to avoid potential conflicts with turning traffic. The study further reveals that road users adapt their behavior to existing—yet underdeveloped—infrastructure, posing a potential safety risk. In particular, heavy vehicles such as trucks or motorhomes were observed making turns by crossing oncoming lanes, and vulnerable road users have to use the main road, coming into conflict with motorized traffic. These findings underscore the importance of targeted safety assessment and infrastructure improvements in rural traffic environment to reduce the potential of conflicts between different road users.
subject: Research article
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subject: ICTCT conference (2024), the Hague, the Netherlands
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creator: Lars Klitzke
creator: Claudia Leschik
creator: Richard Lüdtke
creator: Kay Gimm
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lars Klitzke, Claudia Leschik, Richard Lüdtke, Kay Gimm https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
starting page: e000120
ending page: e000120
doi: 10.55329/ditw1500

Human rights jurisprudence and road safety outcomes: the ECtHR's impact on European traffic policy
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description: This article examines the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) approach to enhancing road safety across Europe in implementing the right to life under Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights. By analyzing formative judgments such as Smiljanić v. Croatia, this article demonstrates that the Court has slowly begun recognizing road traffic risks as an issue impacting the right to life by imposing substantive and procedural positive obligations on states. This article argues that the ECtHR's jurisprudence establishes structural standards to prevent dangerous driving, build public confidence, and ensure that states can build their capacity for preventative work in the area of road safety.
subject: Research article
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creator: Seyed Hesamoddin Lesani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Seyed Hesamoddin Lesani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
starting page: e000118
ending page: e000118
doi: 10.55329/fvea6179

Predicting injury severity in vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions: evidence from Madhya Pradesh state, India
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description: The present research examines characteristics of vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions and assesses the factors affecting such crashes in Madhya Pradesh using accident record data from Madhya Pradesh Road Development Corporation and Accident Response System, encompassing 6104 accident entries across 16 variables. To address data heterogeneity, Latent Class Clustering was employed, and a Random Forest Algorithm was used for predictive modelling to accurately classify injury severity based on various predictors. The latent clustering identified three distinct classes: Class 1 (27.7%) associated with fewer severe injuries, attributed to effective traffic controls; Class 2 (8.7%), characterized by reduced injury rates, linked to well-organized traffic systems; and Class 3 (63.5%), which showed a higher incidence of severe injuries, primarily due to narrow, poorly designed, or infrastructure-deficient roads and excessive speeding. The Random Forest Classifier effectively used predictors such as age, gender, violation type, traffic control, and vehicle type, achieving 97.2% precision and 89.2% recall, and an overall accuracy of 88.8%. The Decision Tree model further highlighted the relative importance of each variable in predicting injury severity. The model’s performance was benchmarked against baseline classifiers including logistic regression, Support Vector Machine, and Decision Tree, confirming the superior accuracy and robustness of the Random Forest approach. This study emphasizes the need for proactive road safety measures and provides a robust analytical framework for injury severity classification, supporting the development of targeted interventions to improve pedestrian safety in India.
subject: Research article
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creator: Chinmay Gayan
creator: G. R. Bivina
creator: Yogeshwar V. Navandar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chinmay Gayan, Bivina G. R., Yogeshwar V. Navandar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-27
publication date: 2025-11-27
starting page: e000119
ending page: e000119
doi: 10.55329/xnew4225

The effect on cyclist safety of daytime running lights
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description: On average, Danes cycle 1.3 kilometres per person per day. However, according to emergency department statistics, each year more than 16,000 cyclists are injured in Denmark. In an effort to improve cyclist safety we tested the effect of daytime running lights (DRL) on the number of cyclist accidents. Using a randomised controlled trial design, 5,380 voluntary cyclist participants were randomly assigned to a test group (using DRL continuously for one year) or a control group (using their usual light routine for one year). Participants were provided with accident surveys once each month. A total of 230 accidents were reported: 121 in the test group and 109 in the control group. Most accidents were multi-party accidents (MPAs), took place in winter and in daylight. Safety effect of DRL was estimated as incidence rate ratio (IRR) between the test and control group. The incidence rate is the number of accidents per person-month. Reports of single-bicycle accidents (SBAs) in daylight were used to correct for potential report bias following Madsen et al. (2013). For multiparty personal injury accidents (PIAs), the corrected overall effect of DRL was a 25% risk reduction. The effect was insignificant. For all multiparty accidents, the corrected overall effect of DRL was an insignificant 30% risk reduction. For multiparty accidents in the dark, the effect of DRL was a significant 71% risk reduction. This is surprising, since it would be fair to assume that DRL primarily would affects accidents in daylight, where cyclists typically do not have lights on. The finding is likely due to participants in the test group having much better lighting at night than participants in the control group—or simply because some cyclists in the control group non-compliantly with the Road Traffic Act did not use lights at night during the experiment.
subject: Research article
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creator: Tove Hels
creator: Tanja Kidholm Osmann Madsen
creator: Michelle Cederstrøm Christensen
creator: Anders Brogaard Tallaksen
creator: Harry Lahrmann
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tove Hels, Tanja Kidholm Osmann Madsen, Michelle Cederstrøm Christensen, Anders Brogaard Tallaksen, Harry Lahrmann https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
starting page: e000117
ending page: e000117
doi: 10.55329/qwqe8132

An investigation of traffic safety knowledge, behaviour and risk perception for schoolchildren: a case study of India
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description: School-going children in India are disproportionately vulnerable to traffic-related injuries due to behavioural, infrastructural, and systemic shortcomings. Despite growing awareness of road safety, a major gap persists in understanding how cognitive and social factors jointly influence children’s safety orientation across different travel modes. This study examines the relationship between risk perception, safety attitudes, observed adult behaviours, and self-reported risky practices among Indian school children aged 12–18 commuting by two-wheelers, cars, auto-rickshaws, school buses, or private/state buses. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 925 students across two Indian states through both online and offline surveys. Descriptive statistics, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Multiple Regression Analysis were employed to identify latent constructs and assess the predictive influence of attitudinal, perceptual, and observational factors on children’s safety behaviour. Although most students demonstrated adequate safety awareness, observed adult misbehaviour and permissive risk attitudes significantly predicted unsafe practices. Regression analyses revealed that adult rule violations (β = 0.099–0.307) and limited risk perception explained up to 50% of variance in risky acts. School bus users showed higher behavioural awareness and safer attitudes (β = 0.439), while two-wheeler, auto-rickshaw, and private/state bus commuters displayed greater risk-taking tendencies. The study concludes that children’s traffic safety is shaped by cognitive, social, and environmental factors rather than knowledge alone. Mode-specific, context-sensitive interventions integrating behavioural education, parental and driver involvement, and structured supervision are essential to bridge the gap between awareness and safe action among young commuters.
subject: Research article
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creator: Manjunath Ishwar Borakanavar
creator: Akhilmith V
creator: Hoai Nguyen Pham
creator: Yogeshwar V Navandar
creator: K Krishnamurthy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Manjunath Ishwar Borakanavar, Akhilmith V, Hoai Nguyen Pham, Yogeshwar V Navandar, K Krishnamurthy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-25
publication date: 2025-11-25
starting page: e000109
ending page: e000109
doi: 10.55329/ixuu3946

Determinants of crash numbers and constellations at turbo roundabouts in Germany
type: item
description: Turbo roundabouts are a relatively new design. Thus far, research on their safety has focused on comparisons with other types of intersection and the effects of physical lane dividers. This study investigates crash patterns at German turbo roundabouts, based on a largely complete sample of such roundabouts and detailed data on infrastructure characteristics, traffic volumes and crashes. We calculate the crash rates for turbo roundabouts as a whole, as well as for their individual elements, including entries and exits, and the circulatory roadway. In addition, crash constellations are analysed and crash prediction models are computed, for all crashes and for the two most relevant crash constellations right-of-way and rear-end crashes. The results confirm earlier research findings that turbo roundabouts effectively combine high capacity with high safety levels. The results add new insights, thanks to the more detailed analysis. Entries and right-of-way crashes are most relevant, followed by rear-end crashes which mainly occur at the circulatory roadway. Crash constellations differ significantly between the different elements of the roundabouts, traffic volumes increase crash numbers for all designs and elements. We find no significant effects of the different types of marked lane dividers in our sample, this suggests that drivers do not respect solid lines and that physical dividers are potentially needed to prevent drivers from changing lanes in the circulatory roadway. The detailed analysis of crash patterns in this study enables specific recommendations to be made for improving safety at turbo roundabouts further and exploiting their potential more effectively.
subject: Research article
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subject: ICTCT conference (2024), the Hague, the Netherlands
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creator: Armin Kollascheck
creator: Martin Bärwolff
creator: Julian Schmitz
creator: Justin Geistefeldt
creator: Sebastian Hantschel
creator: Regine Gerike
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Armin Kollascheck, Martin Bärwolff, Julian Schmitz, Justin Geistefeldt, Sebastian Hanteschel, Regine Gerike https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-07
publication date: 2025-11-07
starting page: e000113
ending page: e000113
doi: 10.55329/mpaf3385

The validity of the short driver behaviour questionnaire in varying road users groups in India: age, gender, and driving frequency
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description: The Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) is a widely used tool for assessing driving behaviours and their implications for road safety. This study examined the factor structure of the DBQ in an Indian context, where cultural and regulatory conditions may shape aberrant driving patterns differently. Data were collected from 1,665 drivers across multiple states through both online and in-person surveys, with 1,657 valid responses retained after outlier removal. The dataset included 28 DBQ items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, along with demographic variables. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted to explore alternative two-, three-, and four-factor structures, followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to evaluate the model fit. EFA suggested a two-factor solution as a simpler data-driven representation; however, it demonstrated weak reliability in one factor and a limited ability to distinguish between constructs. In contrast, the four-factor solution not only explained more variance (37.55%) with balanced reliability across factors, but also aligned with theoretical expectations and prior DBQ research. CFA further confirmed the superiority of the four-factor model, which yielded stronger fit indices (χ²/df = 7.601, CFI = .851, RMSEA = .063) and demonstrated measurement invariance across gender, age, and driving frequency. The four factors—Risky and Rule-Violating Behaviours, Safe and Responsible Driving Practices, Driving Errors and Cognitive Lapses, and Distracted and Emotionally Influenced Driving—offer a robust, culturally adapted framework for understanding driver behaviour in India. This validated structure provides a reliable basis for identifying high-risk behaviours and guiding evidence-based road safety interventions.
subject: Research article
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creator: Rahul Kshatriya
creator: Pooja K M
creator: Yogeshwar V Navandar
creator: Karuppanagounder Krishnamurthy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rahul Kshatriya, Pooja K M, Yogeshwar V Navandar, K Krishnamurthy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-09
publication date: 2025-11-09
starting page: e000116
ending page: e000116
doi: 10.55329/rffp3251

Severity Indices as measurement tools for road safety in mountainous highway sections: case study of the Centinela–La Rumorosa highway
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description: The evaluation of road safety in highway infrastructure requires tools that enable the objective identification and prioritization of risk conditions. This study proposes the development of Severity Indices (SI), a quantitative tool designed to assess the severity level of road segments based on geometric and safety-related variables. Unlike traditional approaches based on qualitative audits, the SI allows for the establishment of severity levels through the integration of measurable and reproducible data. The guiding research question is: How can an index be constructed to quantify the level of road risk based on the physical characteristics of the road and their relationship to crash incidence? To validate the methodology, it was applied to the Centinela–La Rumorosa Highway in Baja California, Mexico—a roadway with high geometric complexity. Variables such as curvature, slope, superelevation, signage, and containment devices were analyzed and correlated with crash records using statistical and spatial analysis in Minitab version 21.1.0. A total of 35 critical points were identified in the descending direction and 28 in the ascending direction, to which SI values were assigned. The results show that this tool allows road safety assessments to be transformed into quantifiable, comparable, and technically informed decision-making processes. The development of the Severity Indices represents a significant methodological contribution to improving road safety evaluation, particularly in contexts where it is necessary to prioritize interventions based on evidence and consistent technical criteria.
subject: Research article
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creator: Itzel Núñez López
creator: Leonel Gabriel Garcia Gomez
creator: Julio Alberto Calderón-Ramirez
creator: Marco Antonio Montoya-Alcaraz
creator: Jose Manuel Gutiérrez Moreno
creator: Alejandro Sánchez Atondo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Itzel Núñez López, Leonel García, Julio Calderón-Ramirez, Marco Montoya-Alcaraz, Manuel Gutiérrez, Alejandro Sánchez-Atondo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-08
publication date: 2025-11-08
starting page: e000114
ending page: e000114
doi: 10.55329/fvka8530

Safety performance functions in a road environment with automated vehicles
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description: The reduction of road fatalities can be achieved by intervening in various aspects, including infrastructure, transportation policy, vehicles, and driver behavior. One of the most promising solutions to solve this issue is to rely on Automated Vehicles (AVs), which can prevent human errors, which account for most crashes. However, the impact of AVs on road safety is still unquantifiable. The reason resides in a lack of observed data, as well as in the uncertainty about AV introduction on roads and their interaction with other vehicles and users. In this paper, a methodology to predict the impact of AVs is proposed, relying on Safety Performance Functions (SPFs). An ad hoc SPF for AVs has been developed just for multivehicle crashes, based on a set of market penetration rates, to propose a mathematical model that can include recent technological innovations in road traffic and be adapted to other contexts. Considering the area of the Province of Bari and three different time horizons, crashes were simulated with the presence of AVs in different traffic scenarios. The proposed scenarios were taken from extensive literature studies about the deployment of AVs. The SPF for the predicted crashes was developed by adding one coefficient that considers the presence of AVs to the baseline equation, controlling for the road geometry. The fitted models show a satisfactory goodness-of-fit, based on different metrics, including CuRe (Cumulative Residuals) plots.
subject: Research article
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creator: Stefano Coropulis
creator: Nicola Berloco
creator: Paolo Intini
creator: Vittorio Ranieri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Stefano Coropulis, Nicola Berloco, Paolo Intini, Vittorio Ranieri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-02
publication date: 2025-11-02
starting page: e000107
ending page: e000107
doi: 10.55329/fzyz2882

Assessing the Ghanaian driver's susceptibility to distraction engagement
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description: Driving requires managing multiple tasks in a dynamic environment. Yet, drivers frequently engage in non-driving activities, such as using mobile phones or adjusting in-vehicle technology, which distracts from essential vehicle controls. Evidence shows that such distractions impair performance and increase the risk of crashes and critical incidents. Understanding why drivers become distracted and identifying factors that contribute to distraction is crucial for developing effective interventions. This study examined the forms, instances, and predictors of distraction among Ghanaian drivers to propose actionable solutions. A sample of 257 private and commercial/professional drivers were recruited via personal contacts and social media and at bus terminals. The study examined voluntary and involuntary distractions using the Susceptibility to Driver Distraction Questionnaire (SDDQ) and four driving scenarios. Bivariate correlation and independent samples t-tests were used to assess relationships and differences among driver types, while hierarchical multiple regression identified key predictors of distraction. Results showed a positive correlation between self-reported distraction and voluntary distractions, with a negative correlation for involuntary distractions. Significant differences were found in the likelihood of mobile phone use between driver types in various driving contexts. Additionally, gender, age, past mobile-phone-related crash experiences, driving context (urban or motorway), attitude, injunctive norms, and involuntary distraction were significant predictors of distraction. These findings confirm the utility of the SDDQ in predicting distraction and emphasise the need for context-specific information when studying distraction.
subject: Research article
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creator: Enoch Frederick Sam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Enoch F. Sam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-11
publication date: 2025-10-11
starting page: e000097
ending page: e000097
doi: 10.55329/aodw5139

Traffic offenses, court charges, and repeated citations among teen drivers with traffic violations
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description: Teen drivers with traffic violations are at high-risk for motor vehicle collisions (MVCs), yet this group is understudied. This study described traffic offenses, court charges (or dispositions), and repeated citations among teen drivers cited for traffic offenses, and examined factors associated with repeated citations. Deidentified traffic citation records for teen drivers ages 15–17, between January 2018 and May 2022, were obtained from Ohio's Franklin County Juvenile Traffic Court in the United States. Frequencies for demographics, traffic offenses, court charges, and repeated citations (e.g., citation tickets) were generated and compared using Chi-square tests and linear mixed models. The final sample included 5 364 unique teen drivers (62.2% were male) with 6232 unique traffic citation tickets (13.9% were repeated citations). The most common traffic offense was speeding (28.5%), while the most frequent court charge was being an adjudicated juvenile traffic offender (38.2%). The likelihood of repeated citations increased by 3.61 (95% CI: 2.76–4.73) per additional year of driver’s age. Males (OR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.43–2.21) and speeding offenses (OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.77–2.96) had higher odds of receiving a repeated citation than their respective counterparts. Males were more likely to be traffic offenders and receive repeated citations compared to females, consistent with established research on sex-related differences in driving behaviors. Speeding, a known risk factor for MVC-related fatalities, was associated with greater odds of repeated citations. Understanding the characteristics of traffic violations is crucial for developing targeted interventions, especially for males and speeding offenders, to promote safe driving and mitigate MVC risk.
subject: Short communication
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creator: Priyanka Sridharan
creator: Rebecca J. McAdams
creator: Saroj Bista
creator: Dominique Rose
creator: Corinne Peek-Asa
creator: Jingzhen Yang
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Priyanka Sridharan, Rebecca J. McAdams, Saroj Bista, Dominique Rose, Corinne Peek-Asa, Jingzhen Yang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-10
publication date: 2025-10-10
starting page: e000112
ending page: e000112
doi: 10.55329/jwot3323

Language matters: an experimental study of language patterns' effects on traffic safety perceptions in Germany
type: item
description: Traffic crashes claim over 1.19 million lives globally each year, yet public support for proven safety measures remains limited. Research suggests that media language patterns may influence public perceptions of traffic violence and policy preferences. This study replicates Goddard et al.'s (2019) experimental design study in the German context, examining how editorial patterns in crash reporting affect responsibility attribution, penalty preferences, and policy support. Using a randomized controlled experiment (N = 1,537), participants read one of three versions of a fictitious news article: status-quo language reflecting common German reporting patterns, agent-focused language avoiding victim-blaming formulations, or agent-focused plus contextual information. Results show that shifting from victim-focused to agent-focused language substantially reduced pedestrian responsibility attribution (from 48.9% to 44.4%) and increased responsibility attributed to the driver (from 43.5% to 48.1%). Adding contextual information enlarged these effects, with driver responsibility attribution reaching 54.8% and pedestrian responsibility attribution dropping to 33.2%. Contextual framing also increased support for structural interventions and reduced support for campaigns appealing to individual behavior. These findings confirm that language patterns in German road traffic collision reporting—including metonymy, passive voice, reflexive verbs, and the lack of context information—systematically shift perceived responsibility toward vulnerable road users. The study demonstrates that more precise language in traffic reporting can increase public support for evidence-based safety policies, suggesting an ethical imperative for improved editorial practices.
subject: Research article
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creator: Dirk von Schneidemesser
creator: Hugo Caviola
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dirk von Schneidemesser, Hugo Caviola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-10
publication date: 2025-10-10
starting page: e000106
ending page: e000106
doi: 10.55329/oyoz9269

What characterizes bicycle and e-scooter accidents not included in official accident statistics? Lessons learned from the ReCyCLIST project in Agder, Norway
type: item
description: This study explores the characteristics of bicycle, e-bike, and e-scooter accidents that are not included in official Norwegian accident statistics, focusing on findings from the ReCyCLIST project in Agder County. Traditional accident reporting systems overlook most incidents involving vulnerable road users (VRUs), particularly single accidents, which represent the majority of such cases. ReCyCLIST introduced a digital self-reporting tool deployed in hospitals and clinics, collecting 671 accident cases between June 2022 and April 2024. The study analyses 487 incidents that occurred in traffic environments, revealing that 73% were single accidents, predominantly caused by infrastructure issues or loss of balance, rather than collisions. The data also highlight demographic differences in accident patterns by age, gender, and vehicle type. Notably, women were more frequently involved in e-scooter accidents, and men were overrepresented in racing bike collisions. Multivariate analysis shows that vehicle type, especially racing bikes, is a strong predictor of collisions. The findings emphasize the critical role of underreported single accidents and provide actionable insights for urban planning and policy development aimed at improving micromobility safety.
subject: Research article
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subject: ICTCT conference (2024), the Hague, the Netherlands
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creator: Torkel Bjørnskau
creator: Ingeborg Storesund Hesjevoll
creator: Rikke Ingebrigtsen
creator: Katrine Karlsen
creator: Petr Pokorny
creator: Hanne Beate Sundfør
creator: Kjell Vegard Weyde
creator: Odd Mjåland
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Torkel Bjørnskau, Ingeborg Storesund Hesjevoll, Rikke Ingebrigtsen, Katrine Karlsen, Petr Pokorny, Hanne Beate Sundfør, Kjell Vegard Weyde, Odd Mjåland https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-03
publication date: 2025-10-03
starting page: e000108
ending page: e000108
doi: 10.55329/prfq7240

How can we integrate road safety into occupational health and safety management ‘to save lives beyond 2025’? A study of safety management among drivers at work
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description: The Academic Expert Group (AEG) recommendations related to the 4th Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety in 2025, suggests a strategy of ‘Saving Lives Beyond 2025’, through integrating road safety into occupational health and safety management; implementing safety management systems like ISO:39001, or ISO:45001, and through working with safety culture. In this study, we study commitment to road safety and the prevalence of road safety management measures, according to the Safety Ladder approach (Nævestad et al 2018). Based on survey data, we compare professional drivers at work; bus drivers (n = 305) and truck drivers (n = 298) and employees who drive at work who are not professional drivers (‘work drivers’) (n = 355). We also draw on data from qualitative interviews. We find that organizations with work drivers have a lower focus on road safety, and that they have introduced fewer safety management measures, compared to organizations with professional drivers. However, the study also shows that there is still potential for improvement in organizations with truck drivers and bus drivers. These also have an unexploited potential when it comes to implementing effective measures. Multivariate analyses indicate the importance of the Safety Ladder practices, as they influence safety culture, which in turn is related to driving style and accident involvement. Specifying the AEG recommendations into more concrete actionable steps, we suggest specific management practices that organisations can employ, based on the Safey Ladder approach, and specific third-party actions to motivate organisations to implement the management practices.
subject: Research article
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creator: Tor-Olav Nævestad
creator: Jenny Blom
creator: Ingeborg Storesund Hesjevoll
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tor-Olav Nævestad, Jenny Blom, Ingeborg Storesund Hesjevoll https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-03
publication date: 2025-10-03
starting page: e000104
ending page: e000104
doi: 10.55329/eldk4357

Road safety culture and the Safe System: comparing beliefs and behaviours in African and European countries
type: item
description: The study compares national road safety culture (RSC) in three European countries—Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands—which are widely recognized as leaders in Safe System implementation and have maintained the world's best road safety records for several years, with three African countries with poorer road safety records—Ghana, Tanzania, Zambia. The primary focus is on continental-level comparisons, to identify the elements of RSC where we see the biggest differences between the African and the European countries. The study is based on survey data collected from car drivers and pedestrians (n = 3772), interviews (n = 46) and fieldwork. The study is explorative, as it examines four different RSC elements. This is important, as there are few other studies comparing RSC across African and European countries, including several transport modes. The elements of RSC where we see the biggest differences between the African and the European countries are: (a) fatalistic beliefs about road safety and (b) the social valuation of walking as a mode of transport, compared with motorized transport. The fatalistic beliefs are related to road safety violations, which in turn are related to accident involvement. Thus, influencing fatalistic beliefs regarding road safety, and increasing the cultural valuation of walking and pedestrians are likely to improve road safety in the African countries. Finally, interviewees in the African countries pointed to corruption as a potential factor impeding the efficiency of enforcement. We have not measured this, but future studies of RSC should also include beliefs and practices related to corruption, as these are likely to be related to the level of road violations.
subject: Research article
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creator: Tor-Olav Nævestad
creator: Sonja Forward
creator: Enoch F. Sam
creator: Jaqueline Masaki
creator: Daniel Mwamba
creator: Thomas Miyoba
creator: Filbert Francis
creator: Anthony Fiangor
creator: Jenny Blom
creator: Ingeborg Storesund Hesjevoll
creator: Aliaksei Laureshyn
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tor-Olav Nævestad, Sonja Forward, Enoch F. Sam, Jaqueline Masaki, Daniel Mwamba, Thomas Miyoba, Filbert Francis, Anthony Fiangor, Jenny Blom, Ingeborg Storesund Hesjevoll, Aliaksei Laureshyn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-03
publication date: 2025-10-03
starting page: e000111
ending page: e000111
doi: 10.55329/bbmj5348

Long combination vehicles overtaking cyclists: a field study in regular traffic
type: item
description: Increased cycling, also in rural areas, is important for transitioning to a more sustainable transport system. Also, long combination vehicles (LCVs), in Sweden labelled high-capacity transport (HCT; up to 34.5 m, the previous limit was 25.25 m) can contribute to this goal. If granted access to a larger share of the road network, those trucks can be used more effectively. However, cycling and other active transport on those roads may be negatively impacted. To investigate direct and indirect effects on cyclists when LCVs are using the same road, a study was conducted in real traffic. Nineteen experienced road cyclists rode on a 5 km long rural road segment. Three trucks of different lengths were driven along the same route, instructed to overtake the cyclists where possible and with a full lane change. This generated 175 overtakes by the trucks and 607 overtakes by other traffic. The cyclists reported the overtakes with the trucks to feel safe and found the length of the truck not to be relevant if a full lane change was made while overtaking. The trucks needed more time to overtake than other traffic, and they also waited longer for an overtaking opportunity. In a car-following situation, the clearance of the following vehicles was influenced by the lead vehicle, making it especially important for heavy vehicles to give cyclists a wide berth. Pending further investigations, the conclusion is that for cyclists to feel safe, a full lane change when overtaking should be standard procedure not only for LCVs, but for motorised traffic in general.
subject: Research article
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creator: Katja Kircher
creator: Jesper Sandin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Katja Kircher, Jesper Sandin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-13
publication date: 2025-09-13
starting page: e000105
ending page: e000105
doi: 10.55329/xvqs2323

Using crowdsourced data to assess safety in developing countries: the case study of Eastern Cairo, Egypt
type: item
description: Crowdsourced data refers to data that is collected and shared by a large number of individuals or organizations, often through the use of digital technologies such as mobile devices and social media. The shortage in crash data collection in developing countries makes it difficult to fully understand and address road safety issues in these regions. In developing countries, crowdsourced data can be a valuable tool for collecting crash data and improving road safety, particularly in urban areas where the majority of road crashes occur. This study is the first to develop safety performance functions using crowdsourced data by adopting a Negative Binomial structure model and Full Bayes (FB) model to investigate traffic safety for urban road networks and provide insights into the impact of roadway characteristics. Furthermore, as a part of the safety management process, network screening has been undergone through applying two different methods to rank the most hazardous road segments: Potential Collision Reduction (PCR) method (adopted in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM)) as well as a graphical method using GIS tools to compare and validate. The analysis revealed that segment length, number of lanes, and pedestrian density were significant factors positively associated with crash frequency. FB models with spatial correlation showed better performance in terms of logic and model fit compared to traditional models. The analysis found that both PCR and GIS-based kriging methods effectively identified hazardous segments, with kriging using summation criteria providing more consistent results when validated against PCR outcomes. Recommendations were proposed to improve pedestrian behavior, and control access points and U-turns, based on the observed impact on safety. Lastly, recommendations were suggested for policymakers to ensure safer roads and limitations regarding data coverage and the need for complementary official crash data were highlighted to guide future research.
subject: Research article
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creator: Mahmoud Ahmed Farrag
creator: Ali Zain Elabdeen Heikal
creator: Mohamed Shawky
creator: Ahmed Osama
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mahmoud Ahmed Farrag, Ali Zain Elabdeen Heikal, Mohamed Shawky Ahmed, Ahmed Osama Amer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-13
publication date: 2025-09-13
starting page: e000101
ending page: e000101
doi: 10.55329/yzsq3960

Explaining acceptance and acceptability of connected automated vehicles: the impact of evaluations of attributes and traffic complexity
type: item
description: Connected Automated Vehicles (CAVs) may, when available, be able to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions caused by the transport sector, and may increase traffic safety. In order for CAVs to be adopted by the public, they first need to be accepted (i.e., evaluated positively). Therefore, it is critical to identify the predictors of CAVs’ acceptability (general evaluation before experience) and acceptance (willingness to use after experience). We examined to what extent evaluations of different attributes of CAVs are related to acceptability and acceptance, and to what extent acceptability and acceptance are related. Specifically, we hypothesised that more positive evaluations of safety, trustworthiness, instrumental, and hedonic attributes would be related to higher acceptability before experiencing a CAV, and to acceptance after experiencing a CAV. To be able to assess acceptance, we conducted a driving simulator experiment (N = 46). This enabled participants to experience a CAV in both a low and high traffic complexity scenario, and we could examine to what extent experiencing a CAV influences the evaluation of CAVs. Our results show that experiencing a CAV can enhance perceived safety and trustworthiness of CAVs. Further, both acceptability and acceptance were higher when the CAV was evaluated more positively on the attributes before and after experiencing a CAV, respectively. Safety attributes were more strongly related to acceptability than acceptance, while hedonic and instrumental attributes were more strongly related to acceptance than acceptability. In contrast to our expectations, traffic complexity did not affect acceptance, perceived safety, or trustworthiness of CAVs after the simulated drive. These results suggest that policies aimed at enhancing safety, driving pleasure, trustworthiness of CAVs, and by ensuring that CAVs are able to meet people’s mobility needs could increase both acceptability and acceptance of CAVs.
subject: Research article
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creator: Jorick M. M. Post
creator: Ayҫa Berfu Ünal
creator: Janet L. Veldstra
creator: Dick de Waard
creator: Linda Steg
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jorick M. M. Post, Ayҫa Berfu Ünal, Janet L. Veldstra, Dick de Waard, Linda Steg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-12
publication date: 2025-09-12
starting page: e000103
ending page: e000103
doi: 10.55329/hpix8038